At the Indiana Parkinson Foundation, we know that a Parkinson’s diagnosis can feel overwhelming—but it does not have to be isolating. Whether you are newly diagnosed, have been living with Parkinson’s for years, or are a family member or caregiver, we are here to come alongside you on this journey.
Topics covered on this page:
What Is Parkinson’s?
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects movement, mood, and more. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine—a chemical that helps control movement—are damaged or die, leading to a dopamine deficiency and difficulty with movement control. Parkinson’s is most diagnosed after age 60, it can also affect younger individuals.
Causes of Parkinson’s Disease
While the exact cause of PD is unknown, most experts agree that the condition is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors (chemicals, viruses, injuries). It is known that exposure to certain environmental factors increases an individual’s risk of developing PD, but exposure to any one of these factors does not mean a person will develop the disease. Other non -genetic risk factors include insecticides, herbicides, Agent Orange, and a synthetic neurotoxin called MPTP.
Common Symptoms
Parkinson’s affects everyone differently. Symptoms can be both physical (motor symptoms) and non-physical (non-motor), and they can change over time.
Motor Symptoms:
- Tremors (shaking)
- Bradykinesia (Slowness of movement)
- Muscle stiffness
- Postural Instability (results in issues with walking, balance and turning around)
- Dyskinesia (Involuntary, erratic writhing movements of face, arms, legs, and trunk)
Non-Motor Symptoms:
- Depression or anxiety
- Sleep disturbances
- Fatigue
- Constipation
- Changes in cognition
Early Detection and Diagnosis
Early Detection and diagnosis are crucial for potentially slowing the progression of Parkinson’s. Early detection can also be a key to improving quality of life as well.
Parkinson’s can start with subtle signs like:
- Tremor or Shaking
- Small Handwriting
- Loss of Smell
- Trouble Sleeping
- Trouble Moving or Walking
- Constipation
- Soft or Low Volume Voice
- Masked Facial Expression
- Dizziness or Fainting
- Stooping or Hunching Over
There is no single test for Parkinson’s—diagnosis is usually based on a neurologist’s evaluation and supportive tests. For example, a skin biopsy can be a helpful tool in diagnosing PD. The test detects an abnormal form of alpha-synuclein, a protein that clumps together in the brains of individuals with Parkinson’s. While it is not a standalone diagnostic tool, it can be a valuable addition to the neurologist’s assessment, especially when symptoms are unclear.
A neurologist will make a diagnosis based on the following:
- Detailed medical and physical exam.
- Detailed history of current/past medications
- Detailed neurological exam to assess the agility of arms and legs during gait and balance.
- Use of United PD Rating Scale (UPDRS)
- Response to Medications
If you or someone you love is noticing changes, early medical attention can make a significant difference.
Understanding the Stages of Parkinson’s
Every journey with Parkinson’s is different. While doctors often describe the condition in stages, it’s important to remember that symptoms progress differently for each person. Support and education can make a meaningful difference at every stage.
Stage One
Symptoms are usually mild and may not disrupt one’s activities of daily life. Tremors or movement changes may appear on one side of the body, along with subtle shifts in posture or facial expressions.
Stage Two
Symptoms begin to affect both sides of the body. Walking and posture may change, and daily tasks can take a little longer or be more difficult— but most people remain independent.
Stage Three
This is often considered the “middle stage.” Balance may be more challenging, and falls can happen. Everyday activities, like dressing or eating, may take more effort, but many people continue to live active, fulfilling lives with the right resources and support.
Stage Four
Symptoms become more noticeable, and a walker or other mobility aid may be helpful. Assistance with daily activities is often needed — but with care and encouragement, quality of life can still be maintained.
Stage Five
The most advanced stage, when stiffness and mobility challenges may require a wheelchair or full-time care. Non-motor symptoms, such as hallucinations, may also appear. With comprehensive support, comfort and dignity remain the focus.
Treatment Options
While there is no cure for Parkinson’s yet, there are many effective treatments that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Medications
- Many PD drugs are aimed at either temporarily replenishing dopamine or mimicking the action of dopamine.
- These medications help reduce muscle rigidity, improve speed and coordination of movement, and lessen tremors.
- It is important to remember that medication utilization is only part of the whole treatment plan for treating PD. A combination of treatment options is normally the most successful approach.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and other surgical options for certain cases
- Surgical treatment is reserved for PD patients who have exhausted medical treatment of PD tremors or who suffer from profound motor fluctuations.
- There are several risks and complications involved with surgical procedures that must be considered.
- When appropriate, surgical options will require extensive consultations with a movement disorder specialist to determine if surgery is appropriate.
Therapies such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy to maintain strength and independence.
- Physical, Occupational and Speech therapists can help patients with Parkinson’s learn how to improve deficits and specific symptoms brought about by the condition.
- Individualized training, strategies and equipment options can be provided by therapists.
- Education and training in new movement techniques, strategies and equipment options can be provided by therapists.
- The goal of therapy is to increase patients’ independence and quality of life by improving movement and function as well as relieving pain.
- Therapy can only be provided through a physician’s order and duration can be limited at times due to insurance; however, several therapy settings and programs are often available.
- It is important to find a therapist that specializes in evaluation and treatment of those with PD.
- The LSVT Program is a great resource for therapy when living with Parkinson’s. This program is developed specifically for Parkinson’s disease. The BIG portion is led by a PT or OT and focuses on motor symptoms of PD. The Loud portion is led by a SLP and focuses on speech, voice, swallowing and more. To learn more or find a certified LSVT Therapist near you, check out the website: https://www.lsvtglobal.com/
Exercise Programs
- Exercise programs that improve mobility, balance, and mood and specifically designed for Parkinson’s is the best fit for those living with PD. These classes are also a wonderful way to get to know others living a similar journey. You also get a program that works specifically on improving your Parkinson’s symptoms and friends as well!
Living Well with Parkinson’s
Living well is not only possible, but also powerful. Regular exercise, good nutrition, purposeful routines, and social connection all contribute to a higher quality of life. Our programs, like The CLIMB, Support Groups and Educational Programs are designed to support you physically, mentally, and spiritually. Remember, Parkinson’s does not define you—you are still you!
Support for Caregivers and Families
Parkinson’s impacts the whole family. That is why we offer resources and support for not only the diagnosed person, but also caregivers, and the entire family. Whether you are helping with daily tasks, managing medications, or just needing someone to talk to, we are here for you. You do not have to do this alone, and no one should!
Support changes everything. Join us and find a welcoming place to connect, grow, and find encouragement through connection!
Young Onset Parkinson’s (YOPD)
When Parkinson’s appears before age 50, it is called Young Onset. While many of the symptoms are the same, there are unique challenges—careers, parenting, long-term planning. We provide guidance and connection with the resources you need as well.
Hope for the Future
Researchers are learning more about Parkinson’s and moving closer to breakthroughs in treatment and prevention every day. We will stay informed, connected, and hopeful—and we invite you to be part of the journey.
Reach out and join us today!
Let us help you navigate Parkinson’s with knowledge, community, and hope. Reach out today and take the next step forward—with us by your side!
